How to Make Stunning Line Charts in R: A Complete Guide with ggplot2

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December 15, 2020

<h2>ggplot2 Line Charts</h2>
Updated: June 2, 2022.

Are your visualizations an eyesore? The 1990s are over, pal. Today you'll learn how to make impressive <code>ggplot2</code> line charts with R. Terrible-looking visualizations are no longer acceptable, no matter how useful they might otherwise be. Luckily, there's a lot you can do to quickly and easily enhance the aesthetics of your visualizations. 

Read more on our ggplot series:
<ul><li><a title="How to Make Stunning Bar Charts with R" href="https://wordpress.appsilon.com/ggplot2-bar-charts/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bar Charts with R</a></li><li><a href="https://appsilon.com/ggplot-scatter-plots/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scatter Plots with R</a></li><li><a href="https://appsilon.com/ggplot2-boxplots/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Boxplots with R</a></li></ul>
This article demonstrates how to make an aesthetically-pleasing line chart for any occasion. After reading, visualizing time series and similar data should become second nature. Today you'll learn how to:
<ul><li><a href="#first-bar-chart">Make your first line chart</a></li><li><a href="#color-line-marker">Change color, line type, and add markers</a></li><li><a href="#title-subtitle-caption">Add titles, subtitles, and captions</a></li><li><a href="#axis-labels">Edit and style axis labels</a></li><li><a href="#multiple-lines">Draw multiple lines on a single chart</a></li><li><a href="#labels">Add labels</a></li><li><a href="#area-fill">Add conditional area fill</a></li></ul>

<hr />

<h2 id="first-bar-chart">Make Your First ggplot2 Line Chart</h2>
R has a <code>gapminder</code> package you can download. It contains data on life expectancy, population, and GDP between 1952 and 2007. It's a time-series dataset, which is excellent for line-based visualizations.

Here's how to load it (and other libraries):
<pre><code class="language-r">library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(gapminder)
 head(gapminder)</code></pre>
Calling the <code>head()</code> function outputs the first six rows of the dataset. Here's how they look:

<img class="size-full wp-image-6220" src="https://webflow-prod-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/6525256482c9e9a06c7a9d3c%2F65b27078adeb0800875a3f31_1-2.webp" alt="Image 1 - Head of Gapminder dataset" width="842" height="278" /> Image 1 - Head of Gapminder dataset

R's widely used package for data visualization is <code>ggplot2</code>. It's based on the layering principle. The first layer represents the data, and after that comes a visualization layer (or layers). These two are mandatory for any chart type, and line charts are no exception. You'll learn how to add additional layers later.

Your first chart will show the population over time for the United States. Columns <code>year</code> and <code>pop</code> are placed on X-axis and Y-axis, respectively:
<pre><code class="language-r">usa <- gapminder %>%
filter(continent == "Americas", country == "United States")
 ggplot(usa, aes(x = year, y = pop)) +
geom_line()</code></pre>
Here's the corresponding visualization:

<img class="size-full wp-image-6221" src="https://webflow-prod-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/6525256482c9e9a06c7a9d3c%2F65b27079c6e8a966546ee785_2-2.webp" alt="Image 2 - Population growth over time in the United States" width="2312" height="1378" /> Image 2 - Population growth over time in the United States

The visualization is informative but as ugly as they come. The following sections will show you how to tweak the visuals.
<h2 id="color-line-marker">Change Color, Line Type, and Add Markers to ggplot2 Line Charts</h2>
Keeping the default styling is the worst thing you can do. With the <code>geom_line()</code> layer, you can change the following properties:
<ul><li><code>color</code> - line color</li><li><code>size</code> - line width</li><li><code>linetype</code> - maybe you want dashed lines?</li></ul>
Here's how to make a thicker dashed blue line:
<pre><code class="language-r">ggplot(usa, aes(x = year, y = pop)) +
geom_line(linetype = "dashed", color = "#0099f9", size = 2)</code></pre>
<img class="size-full wp-image-6222" src="https://webflow-prod-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/6525256482c9e9a06c7a9d3c%2F65b39ca5a6b7fdabfb6a3df0_3-2.webp" alt="Image 3 - Changing line style, width, and color" width="2312" height="1378" /> Image 3 - Changing line style, width, and color

Better, but not quite there yet. Most line charts combine lines and points to make the result more appealing. Here's how to add points (markers) to yours:
<pre><code class="language-r">ggplot(usa, aes(x = year, y = pop)) +
geom_line(color = "#0099f9", size = 2) +
geom_point(color = "#0099f9", size = 5)</code></pre>
<img class="size-full wp-image-6223" src="https://webflow-prod-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/6525256482c9e9a06c7a9d3c%2F65b2707960ce4d025acdc64c_4-2.webp" alt="Image 4 - Line chart with markers" width="2312" height="1378" /> Image 4 - Line chart with markers

Now the charts are getting somewhere - but there's still a lot to do.
<h2 id="title-subtitle-caption">Add Titles, Subtitles, and Captions to ggplot2 Line Charts</h2>
You can't have a complete chart without at least a title. A good subtitle can come in handy for extra information, and a caption is a good place to cite your sources. The most convenient way to add these is through a <code>labs()</code> layer. It takes in values for <code>title</code>, <code>subtitle</code>, and <code>caption</code>. 

Here's how to add all three, without styles:
<pre><code class="language-r">ggplot(usa, aes(x = year, y = lifeExp)) +
geom_line(color = "#0099f9", size = 2) +
geom_point(color = "#0099f9", size = 5) +
labs(
title = "Average life expectancy in US",
subtitle = "Data from 1952 to 2007",
caption = "Source: Gapminder dataset"
)</code></pre>
<img class="size-full wp-image-6224" src="https://webflow-prod-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/6525256482c9e9a06c7a9d3c%2F65b2707a9551644329c1d861_5-2.webp" alt="IMAGE 5; Image 5 - Title, subtitle, and caption with default styles" width="2312" height="1378" /> Image 5 - Title, subtitle, and caption with default styles

But there's more to this story. You can customize all three in the same way - by putting styles to the <code>theme()</code> layer. Here's how to center title and caption, left align and italicize the caption, and make the title blue:
<pre><code class="language-r">ggplot(usa, aes(x = year, y = lifeExp)) +
geom_line(color = "#0099f9", size = 2) +
geom_point(color = "#0099f9", size = 5) +
labs(
title = "Average life expectancy in US",
subtitle = "Data from 1952 to 2007",
caption = "Source: Gapminder dataset"
) +
theme(
plot.title = element_text(color = "#0099f9", size = 20, face = "bold", hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 13, face = "bold", hjust = 0.5),
plot.caption = element_text(face = "italic", hjust = 0)
)</code></pre>
<img class="size-full wp-image-6225" src="https://webflow-prod-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/6525256482c9e9a06c7a9d3c%2F65b39ca765310fcff06fdd80_6-2.webp" alt="Image 6 - Styling title, subtitle, and caption" width="2312" height="1378" /> Image 6 - Styling title, subtitle, and caption

That's all great, but what about the axis labels? Let's see how to tweak them next.
<h2 id="axis-labels">Edit Axis Labels</h2>
Just take a look at the Y-axis for the previous year vs. population charts. The ticks look horrible. Scientific notation doesn't help make things easier to read. The following snippet puts "M" next to the number - indicates "Millions":
<pre><code class="language-r">library(scales)
 ggplot(usa, aes(x = year, y = pop)) +
geom_line(color = "#0099f9", size = 2) +
geom_point(color = "#0099f9", size = 5) +
scale_y_continuous(
labels = unit_format(unit = "M", scale = 1e-6)
)</code></pre>
<img class="size-full wp-image-6226" src="https://webflow-prod-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/6525256482c9e9a06c7a9d3c%2F65b270afdb0a4377ef3e4074_7-1.webp" alt="Image 7 - Changing axis ticks" width="2312" height="1378" /> Image 7 - Changing axis ticks

But what if you want a bit more space on top and bottom? You can specify where the axis starts and ends. Here's how:
<pre><code class="language-r">ggplot(usa, aes(x = year, y = pop)) +
geom_line(color = "#0099f9", size = 2) +
geom_point(color = "#0099f9", size = 5) +
expand_limits(y = c(125000000, 325000000)) +
scale_y_continuous(
labels = unit_format(unit = "M", scale = 1e-6)
)</code></pre>
<img class="size-full wp-image-6227" src="https://webflow-prod-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/6525256482c9e9a06c7a9d3c%2F65b2706d5f867c2801dc5711_8-1.webp" alt="Image 8 - Changing limits of the axis" width="2312" height="1378" /> Image 8 - Changing limits of the axis

The <code>labs()</code> layer takes in values for <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> - these determine the text shown on the X and Y axes, respectively. You can tweak the styles for axis labels the same way you did with the title, subtitle, and caption. The snippet below shows how:
<pre><code class="language-r">ggplot(usa, aes(x = year, y = pop)) +
geom_line(color = "#0099f9", size = 2) +
geom_point(color = "#0099f9", size = 5) +
scale_y_continuous(
labels = unit_format(unit = "M", scale = 1e-6)
) +
labs(
x = "Year",
y = "Population"
) +
theme(
axis.title.x = element_text(color = "#0099f9", size = 16, face = "bold"),
axis.title.y = element_text(color = "#0099f9", size = 16, face = "italic")
)</code></pre>
<img class="size-full wp-image-6228" src="https://webflow-prod-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/6525256482c9e9a06c7a9d3c%2F65b270a69c5dda5a10df4d60_9-1.webp" alt="Image 9 - Changing X and Y axis labels" width="2312" height="1378" /> Image 9 - Changing X and Y axis labels

And that's it for styling axes! Let's see how to show multiple lines on the same chart next.
<h2 id="multiple-lines">Draw Multiple Lines on the Same Chart</h2>
Showing multiple lines on a single chart can be useful. We'll use it to compare average life expectancy between major North American countries - the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

To display multiple lines, you can use the <code>group</code> attribute in the data aesthetics layer. Here's an example:
<pre><code class="language-r">north_big <- gapminder %>%
filter(continent == "Americas", country %in% c("United States", "Canada", "Mexico"))
 ggplot(north_big, aes(x = year, y = lifeExp, group = country)) +
geom_line(aes(color = country), size = 2)</code></pre>
<img class="size-full wp-image-6229" src="https://webflow-prod-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/6525256482c9e9a06c7a9d3c%2F65b270a76ce2de24c51f767e_10-1.webp" alt="Image 10 - Average life expectancy among major North American countries" width="2312" height="1378" /> Image 10 - Average life expectancy among major North American countries

In case you're wondering how to add markers to multiple lines - the procedure is identical as it was for a single one. Take a look at the code snippet and image below:
<pre><code class="language-r">ggplot(north_big, aes(x = year, y = lifeExp, group = country)) +
geom_line(aes(color = country), size = 2) +
geom_point(aes(color = country), size = 5)</code></pre>
<img class="size-full wp-image-6230" src="https://webflow-prod-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/6525256482c9e9a06c7a9d3c%2F65b270a847fb584fdd1d0b63_11-1.webp" alt="Image 11 - Adding markers to multiple lines" width="2312" height="1378" /> Image 11 - Adding markers to multiple lines

There's a legend right next to the plot because of multiple lines on a single chart. You wouldn't know which line represents what without it. Still, it's position on the right might be irritating for some use cases. Here's how to put it on the top:
<pre><code class="language-r">ggplot(north_big, aes(x = year, y = lifeExp, group = country)) +
geom_line(aes(color = country), size = 2) +
geom_point(aes(color = country), size = 5) +
theme(legend.position = "top")</code></pre>
<img class="size-full wp-image-6231" src="https://webflow-prod-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/6525256482c9e9a06c7a9d3c%2F65b7d5cf376b1fc40b7399cd_117b517e_12-1.webp" alt="Image 12 - Changing the legend position" width="2312" height="1378" /> Image 12 - Changing the legend position

You've learned a lot until now, but there's still one important topic to cover - labels.
<h2 id="labels">Adding Labels to ggplot2 Line Charts</h2>
If there aren't too many data points on a line chart, it can be useful to add labels showing the exact values. Be careful with them - they can make your visualization messy fast. 

Here's how to plot average life expectancy in the United States and show text on top of the line:
<pre><code class="language-r">ggplot(usa, aes(x = year, y = lifeExp)) +
geom_line(color = "#0099f9", size = 2) +
geom_point(color = "#0099f9", size = 5) +
geom_text(aes(label = lifeExp))</code></pre>
<img class="size-full wp-image-6232" src="https://webflow-prod-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/6525256482c9e9a06c7a9d3c%2F65b7d5cfe4ab0fdeecf95b83_14efd318_13-1.webp" alt="Image 13 - Adding text" width="2312" height="1378" /> Image 13 - Adding text

A couple of problems, though. The labels are a bit small, and they are positioned right on top of the markers. The code snippet below makes the text larger and pushes them a bit higher:
<pre><code class="language-r">ggplot(usa, aes(x = year, y = lifeExp)) +
geom_line(color = "#0099f9", size = 2) +
geom_point(color = "#0099f9", size = 5) +
geom_text(
aes(label = lifeExp),
nudge_x = 0.25,
nudge_y = 0.25,
check_overlap = TRUE,
size = 5
)</code></pre>
<img class="size-full wp-image-6233" src="https://webflow-prod-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/6525256482c9e9a06c7a9d3c%2F65b270f06ce2de24c51fa832_14-1.webp" alt="Image 14 - Styling text" width="2312" height="1378" /> Image 14 - Styling text

Showing text might not be the cleanest solution every time. Maybe you want text wrapped inside a box to give your visualization a touch more style. You can do that by replacing <code>geom_text()</code> with <code>geom_label()</code>. That's the only change you need to make:
<pre><code class="language-r">ggplot(usa, aes(x = year, y = lifeExp)) +
geom_line(color = "#0099f9", size = 2) +
geom_point(color = "#0099f9", size = 5) +
geom_label(
aes(label = lifeExp),
nudge_x = 0.25,
nudge_y = 0.25,
check_overlap = TRUE
)</code></pre>
<img class="size-full wp-image-6234" src="https://webflow-prod-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/6525256482c9e9a06c7a9d3c%2F65b270f06a0bfbbcc59fd3c2_15-1.webp" alt="Image 15 - Replacing text with labels" width="2312" height="1378" /> Image 15 - Replacing text with labels
<h2 id="area-fill">Add Conditional Area Fill to ggplot2 Line Charts</h2>
When dealing with multiple lines on a single chart, sometimes you'll want the area between the individual lines filled. The good news is - it's quite an easy thing to do with R and ggplot2. We'll show you a comparison of GDP per capita between Poland and Romania over time as individual lines, and we'll fill the area between the lines. Why? Well, it improves the overall aesthetics of the data visualization, and also makes differences easier to spot.

First things first, you'll have to install an additional R package. It extends the capabilities of ggplot2 by adding additional functions - one of them being <code>stat_difference()</code>:
<pre><code class="language-r">install.packages("ggh4x")</code></pre>
Now we'll have to do some magic with data formatting. It's a best practice to have a common feature in the dataset (year), and to represent data for each line as an individual column. In a nutshell, we'll have 3 columns - year, GDP for Poland, and GDP for Romania:
<pre><code class="language-r">pol_rom <- gapminder %>%
filter(country %in% c("Poland", "Romania")) %>%
select(year, country, gdpPercap) %>%
pivot_wider(names_from = country, values_from = gdpPercap)
 head(pol_rom)</code></pre>
Here's what the dataset looks like:

<img class="size-full wp-image-13196" src="https://webflow-prod-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/6525256482c9e9a06c7a9d3c%2F65b0215ae6755ca41b31696f_Screenshot-2022-06-02-at-09.42.37.webp" alt="Image 16 - Reformatted GDP dataset" width="386" height="304" /> Image 16 - Reformatted GDP dataset

Adding a conditional area fill is a child's play from this point:
<pre><code class="language-r">ggplot(pol_rom, aes(x = year)) +
geom_line(aes(y = Poland, color = "Poland")) +
geom_line(aes(y = Romania, color = "Romania")) +
stat_difference(aes(ymin = Romania, ymax = Poland), alpha = 0.3)</code></pre>
<img class="size-full wp-image-13198" src="https://webflow-prod-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/6525256482c9e9a06c7a9d3c%2F65b0215ba20f7e6672b81d9e_Screenshot-2022-06-02-at-09.34.07.webp" alt="Image 17 - ggplot2 line chart with filled area" width="2382" height="1602" /> Image 17 - ggplot2 line chart with a filled area

And that's all you really need to know about labels and line charts for today. Let's wrap things up next. 

<hr />

<h2>Conclusion</h2>
Today you've learned how to make line charts and how to make them aesthetically pleasing. You've learned how to change colors, line width and type, titles, subtitles, captions, axis labels, and much more. You are now ready to include line charts in your reports and dashboards. You can expect more basic R tutorials weekly (usually on Sundays) and more advanced tutorials throughout the week. Fill out the subscribe form below so you never miss an update.
<blockquote>Are you completely new to R but have some programming experience? <a class="editor-rtfLink" href="https://wordpress.appsilon.com/r-for-programmers/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Check out our detailed R guide for programmers.</a></blockquote>
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